Democracy runs deep

نویسنده

  • Nigel Williams
چکیده

Most westerners would probably think that the roots of democracy lie in Ancient Athens, when the city state established the process by which all citizens, well, men of Athenian parentage, had an equal say in the decisions of the state. This model of ‘equally shared’ consensus decision making has wobbled, been ignored and often forgotten in intervening history but the concept has endured. But was equally shared consensus decision making invented out of the blue by the Athenians? A new paper presents a model of how this process could evolve in the best interests of individuals within a group. “A consensus decision is when the members of a group choose, collectively, between mutually exclusive actions,” the authors write. In humans, consensus decisions are often made democratically or in an ‘equally shared’ manner, that is, all group members contribute to the decision. But a group can also reach an ‘unshared’ consensus by accepting the decision of a single dominant member of the group. “Biologists are only now realizing that shared consensus decisions also occur in social animals. Sharing of decisions is, in principle, more profitable for groups than accepting the ‘unshared’ decision of a single dominant member,” they write. But the problem is that while shared decisions may benefit the group, some individuals may gain greater benefit from doing something else. So how could such a process evolve? In the new model, L. Conradt and T. Roper at the University of Sussex (reporting in the Proc. R. Soc. B, published online) use a game theory approach to show that sharing of decisions can evolve under a wide range of circumstances but especially in the following ones: when groups are heterogeneous in composition; when alternative decision outcomes differ in potential costs and these costs are large; when grouping benefits are marginal; or when groups are close to, or above, optimal size. “Since these conditions are common in nature, it is easy to see how mechanisms for shared decision making could have arisen in a wide range of species, including early human ancestors,” they write. Whereas the Athenians were making shared consensus decisions such as how best to cope with rival city states, Conradt and Roper look at the background to simpler but more

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عنوان ژورنال:
  • Current Biology

دوره 17  شماره 

صفحات  -

تاریخ انتشار 2007